WASHINGTON — European officials arrived in Washington this week touting a new mantra for the trans-Atlantic trading relationship: reset, refresh, recalibrate.
But when it comes to dealing with the Trump administration, it appears that the new European government, even more than its predecessor, may be gearing up for a fight.
In remarks in Washington on Thursday morning, Phil Hogan, the new European trade commissioner, gave a frank assessment of an important trading relationship that had grown troubled on many fronts.
Mr. Hogan vowed to “robustly defend” European interests as he justified the European position on current trade spats with the United States over airplane subsidies, digital taxes and the World Trade Organization. He criticized American officials for inaccurately claiming that trade between the United States and European countries was unbalanced, and said that the administration’s aggressive use of tariffs against trading partners was “hardly a sensible approach.”
The remarks, coming a day after President Trump officially paused his trade war with China, could presage the next big battle between the United States and a key trading partner.
On Wednesday, Mr. Trump signed a trade deal with China, and on Thursday his revised trade pact with Canada and Mexico passed the Senate, clearing the final hurdle before Mr. Trump can sign it into law.
But with Europe, the trade fight is far from resolved. Mr. Hogan, an Irishman and former farmer known for his blunt speech and imposing stature, arrived for his first official visit in Washington with a long list of complaints about United States policies.
Officials in Brussels are angry that the Trump administration continues to threaten punishing tariffs on European cars on top of levies on steel and aluminum that have been in place for nearly two years.
They are enraged that the United States has effectively paralyzed the World Trade Organization by refusing to sign off on new appointees to a crucial appeals panel. Without the panel, there is no way to enforce international trade rules and officially resolve disputes between members.
The two governments also remain at odds over plans by France, a European Union member, to tax American technology companies, and what each side believes are unfair subsidies that the other offers to an aircraft manufacturer, Airbus in Europe and Boeing in the United States.
“I can assure you we will be no shrinking violets,” Mr. Hogan said Thursday, adding later that “there’s no secret to the fact that we don’t see eye to eye on all issues.”
Mr. Hogan’s four-day visit got off to a promising start on Tuesday after he joined Robert Lighthizer, the United States trade representative, and their Japanese counterpart in signing an agreement to try to rein in what they said were unfair trade practices by China.
But his comments on Thursday morning, at an event hosted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington think tank, suggested that deep tensions remained. Mr. Hogan, who became the European Union’s trade commissioner in December, appeared to be delivering on expectations that he would deploy his trademark bluntness to meet the Trump administration on its own terms.
“No other market is as free and open for U.S. businesses as the E.U. Where else are you as welcome?” Mr. Hogan said. “I might add I am coming under pressure to defend this level of openness given that our European businesses can be hit with unjustified tariffs and restrictions at a moment’s notice.”
He also quipped that Mr. Trump was guilty of “gloating” and accused him of reneging on an agreement that the United States and the European Union reached in July 2018 to negotiate a trade deal that excluded agriculture. Trump administration officials subsequently realized that a deal that did not address farm goods would meet opposition in Congress, and refused to proceed on those terms.
There has also been little love lost for European officials among some Trump administration officials and their supporters. They privately accuse their European counterparts of being out-of-touch bureaucrats who would meddle in American sovereignty and impede Mr. Trump’s ability to keep his promises to his voters on trade.
And they say that the World Trade Organization, an outgrowth of Europe’s zealous faith in multilateralism, has failed to confront the world’s biggest economic challenges, like competition from China that has cost American factory jobs.
Another huge point of contention for Mr. Trump and his advisers is the fact that Europe ships more goods to the United States than it purchases in return — $169 billion more in 2018, according to the Office of the United States Trade Representative. They see trade deficits as a sign of failure in trading relationships, though most economists disagree.
In an interview with the Fox Business Network in December, Mr. Lighthizer said the United States had a “very unbalanced” relationship with the European Union on trade, and that reducing the trade deficit with Europe was “something the president cares about.”
“There are a lot of barriers to trade there, and there are a lot of other problems that we have to address,” he said, adding that he did not want to “overstate” the divisions with the Europeans.
Mr. Hogan dismissed that argument in his remarks on Wednesday. He pointed out that the United States economy was mostly powered by services, like health care, finance and technology, rather than goods, and that the United States ran a surplus with Europe in services, supporting jobs and wealth.
Mr. Hogan also said Europe may bring a case to the World Trade Organization about the new deal between the United States and China if it determines that it violates global trading rules.
He did not limit his barbs to the United States. He also dismissed the claims by Boris Johnson, the British prime minister, that the United Kingdom, which is in the process of separating from the European Union, would reach a comprehensive trade deal with Europe this year. Such an outcome, he said, was “just not possible.”
The speech followed a series of meetings on Tuesday and Wednesday with Trump administration officials and lawmakers on Capitol Hill, including Representative Richard E. Neal, the Massachusetts Democrat who leads the House Ways and Means Committee.
Mr. Hogan’s meetings were expected to continue on Thursday, when he is scheduled to meet again with Mr. Lighthizer and with Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross.
Mr. Hogan called the meetings “productive,” and said that many of his interlocutors valued a collaborative trading relationship with the European Union. Europe stood ready to discuss lowering barriers to trade, and intensifying its cooperation with the United States on technology, telecom network security and investment screening, he said.
If the United States and Europe fail to work together on shared challenges like the rise of China and climate change, the damage would be “significant” for their citizens and the world, he said.
“The choice above all, is this: We either cooperate and shape the response to these challenges together, or these challenges will shape, divide and diminish us,” he said.
Ana Swanson reported from Washington, and Jack Ewing from Frankfurt.