The vote on Thursday — which almost had more Republican votes of support than Democratic — underscored how powerful the moderate members of the Democratic caucus can be when united with Republicans.
A break appeared in the Democratic leadership.
Ms. Pelosi’s closest lieutenants, Representatives Steny H. Hoyer of Maryland, the majority leader, and James E. Clyburn of South Carolina, the majority whip, voted in favor of the Senate bill. (Ms. Pelosi, as is customary for the speaker, did not vote.)
But the second tier of leadership — widely seen as next in line to ascend to the top of the House Democratic leadership — did not. Representative Hakeem Jeffries of New York, the caucus chairman; Representative Ben Ray Luján of New Mexico, the assistant speaker; and Representative Katherine M. Clark of Massachusetts, the caucus vice chairwoman, voted “no.”
The two representatives for the freshman class, Representatives Joe Neguse of Colorado and Katie Hill of California, also voted against the bill.
There was a rare split between House and Senate Democrats over a spending fight.
When it came to ending the country’s longest government shutdown and forcing more aid for Puerto Rico into a long-delayed relief package for disaster recovery, House and Senate Democrats stayed united and ultimately forced Senate Republicans and President Trump to acquiesce to deals they had initially rejected.
But as House lawmakers seethed over the capitulation to the Senate legislation, some blamed Senator Chuck Schumer of New York, the minority leader, and Senate Democrats for almost universally joining onto that version and giving it such a wide bipartisan margin. (The absence of seven senators, all 2020 presidential candidates, in Miami for debates, also contributed to the 84-to-8 margin.)
“Senate Democrats joined the leadership behind McConnell and supported something that had no safeguards, no basic human rights for these children,” Representative Rashida Tlaib, Democrat of Michigan, told reporters after the vote. “What are you doing? You’re just throwing money and saying, ‘Continue what you’re doing, President Trump.’”